Saturday, June 30, 2012

5 Easy Weight Loss Secrets for Women | ArticlePDQ.com

We all need a little motivation when it comes to dropping a few pounds. Or you have a major event coming up and want to look lean in that new dress or suit. These five healthy tips are a sure fire way for you to drop those pounds quickly and in a healthy manner.

Tip # 1: The Big Event-Take 5 pounds off please.
Cleansing is one of the best ways to drop 5 pounds quickly. Not only will you drop those five pounds for your class reunion, or big event, you will do it in a safe healthy way. I personally do a cleanse every few months to reboot my body. The week before your event, skip the breads and pastas, eat lots of raw vegetables and salads, and drink at least eight ounce glasses of water a day. Your energy will be through the roof and you?ll be looking slim and trim.

Tip # 2: Lose Weight without dieting!! Is this true?
Just this week alone I went from 151 lbs. to 146 lbs. and it was a lot easier than you think. I didn?t change my diet but I turned up my training routine. High intensity interval training will burn calories ? and better yet, kick your metabolism into high gear so that you continue burning calories at a higher rate. Bonuses: you?ll be doing your health a favor, too. Research shows that adding moderate exercise to your training regimen will help lower cholesterol, slow the progression of type-2 diabetes and improve your blood?s circulation. So you don?t even have to go as extreme as I do with high intensity interval training, just stick with moderate exercise if that is what you can handle. What?s moderate exercise? A brisk one mile walk, half an hour of dancing, or walking your dog.

Tip # 3: Good Morning! Lets Start Off On The Right Foot
Breakfast is one of the most important meals of the day be sure not to skip it especially when your dieting. I personally like to have live foods in the morning. This is the ultimate pick me up try it for 10 days straight and your not going to want coffee anymore. Fresh fruit and vegetables in either juice or raw form, and the staying power of a whole grain is a great base for the morning. One of the best breakfasts you can have is a bowl of oatmeal with fresh berries, or bananas. I also put in some natural all healthy peanut butter for added protein. Sprinkle some cinnamon on it, and you feel like its a dessert. You get the sugar your body craves, the carbs it needs to run on, and the added benefit of antioxidant vitamins to help it stay on track and balanced.

Tip # 4: High quality multivitamins are key.
It?s so easy to miss out on essential nutrients when dieting. However, there?s no substitute for a diet that has a healthy balance of all foods. Pay attention that your body doesn?t miss out on the nutrients it needs just because you?re cutting calories. A good multivitamin should contain, at a minimum, the minimum recommended daily allowances of vitamins A, B6, B12, C, E and K.

Tip # 5: Oh Greens! How I Love You.
Greens, Greens and more Greens! I like to buy dark leafy greens, they pack a lot more punch in vitamins and other nutrients. Don?t confine yourself to iceberg lettuce or to salads. By substituting radicchio, watercress, escarole or spinach for the iceberg lettuce, you add vitamin C, riboflavin?s, manganese and other essential vitamins that aren?t present in lettuce. Especially if you have a diet that is high in animal proteins, you want to eat your dark leafy greens after as an alkalizing agent to all the acidity you put in your body. We will cover that in our next article.

Always remember to consult your physician before making any drastic changes in your diet and exercise routine. Lets keep building stronger and healthier bodies. Remember, your past does not equal your future. What are you waiting for? Start using these 5 weight loss secrets for women today and take your first steps to a healthier stronger you.

For more tips visit http://www.healthandweightlossmethods.com and receive a free e-book called ?Extreme Weight Loss Secrets?

Source: http://articlepdq.com/health-fitness/5-easy-weight-loss-secrets-for-women/

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Apple?s iPhone

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/apple-iphone-140514581.html

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Video: Ron Paul inducted into congressional baseball hall of fame

June 29, 2012 3:40 PM

Rep. Ron Paul, R-Texas, on Thursday night was named the newest inductee into the congressional baseball hall of fame. Sporting the same retro, neon orange-and-yellow Astros jersey he wore when he hit his famous home run in 1979, Paul threw out the first pitch of the 51st annual CQ-Roll Call game to his son, Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky. "Reagan said, 'Paint in bold colors, not pastels,'" Rand joked about his dad's uniform.

Source: http://feeds.cbsnews.com/~r/CBSNewsPolitics/~3/0eeQPMj6NJU/

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Friday, June 29, 2012

SAIL updates: Android, VeriFone integration -- 12:32:42(CDT)6-29-2012

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Friday, June 29, 2012 ? 12:32:42 (CDT)

SAIL updates: Android, VeriFone integration

San Jose, June 27, 2012 -- SAIL is an evolving platform, and as such, we?ll be updating it frequently with new functionality that not only rounds out the existing product but also introduces new features that reflect customer feedback and demand. In the 7 weeks since launch (and for many months prior), our product team has been working tirelessly to bring to market three key features that we believe elevate SAIL to the next level of service. Today, we?re happy to announce the SAIL Android app, multi-user functionality, and VeriFone VX 520 countertop terminal integration.

To mark the announcement, a few members of our product team wanted to weigh in on these three updates and what they mean for small to medium-sized business owners. If you have feedback or a specific request for how SAIL can be a better partner to your business, we?d love to hear it in the comments section!

SAIL ANDROID APP PUBLIC BETA RELEASE
from Director of Product Development, Dan Loomis

Today marks the release of our Android public beta, and we couldn?t be more excited. Over the past 6 weeks, many of you shared your frustration at our lack of an Android app, and we heard you loud and clear. The SAIL Android App (beta) is now available in the Google Play store, and after you download it you can begin accepting payments with your Android phone immediately ? wherever business takes you.

It will take some time before we can guarantee support for every Android device on the market, but the phones listed below have been tested by our team and deemed ready for public use. In the coming weeks and months we?ll continue to roll out additional manufacturers and series, so if you have a specific device you?re looking for, please let us know in the comments and we?ll move it up in priority.

  • HTC EVO 4G LTE
  • Samsung Galaxy S II
  • Samsung Nexus S
  • Samsung Galaxy Blaze S 4G
  • Motorola RAZR
  • HTC Thunderbolt
  • LG Nitro HD
  • Sony Xperia Play (with adapter)
  • ZTE Wrap
  • LG Optimus S
  • Samsung Galaxy Tab

SAIL?s Android app is currently a few versions behind iOS, and will have a slightly different feature set in the short term. You?ll find, however, that most of the key features of SAIL are currently available. Since this is a public beta, if you notice something along the way that doesn?t seem right, we?d appreciate you letting us know by emailing us at feedback@sailpay.com.
Stay tuned, because in the next handful of weeks we?ll be rapidly releasing new features and functionality for SAIL?s Android app to improve the experience even further.

BETA RELEASE OF MULTI-USER FUNCTIONALITY
From our VP of SMB Commerce, Brian Hamilton

SAIL?s new beta multi-user functionality allows small to medium-sized business owners complete control over the access levels their employees can have to their SAIL account. This feature is perfect for sales organizations, restaurants, or fleet owners who want their salespeople or staff on the street to have a fully functioning mobile payments application, while still restricting access to the business? banking and profile information found in the SAIL dashboard. Whether your business is pay-at-the-table or pay-on-the-go, this new feature adds valuable functionality for business owners of all sizes.

Another key feature of SAIL?s beta multi-user functionality is detailed reporting, by user, across multiple devices. This means you can track the transactions your employees are making regardless of which phone or device they may be using. These metrics can help you measure performance and sales by item across various users, and identify both top performers and areas for improvement. Next week we?ll be expanding upon our multi-user functionality and will keep you posted.

VERIFONE VX 520 COUNTERTOP TERMINAL INTEGRATION
From our Product Operations Manager, Samyak Shah

When we first began work on SAIL we knew that one key feature that would differentiate us from the competition was the ability for customers to accept payments on both a mobile device and a traditional VeriFone countertop terminal. Today we?re realizing that vision, as you?re now able to order a VeriFone VX 520 countertop device directly on sailpay.com. The VeriFone VX 520 is one of the fastest, most secure, and reliable countertop devices that VeriFone offers, and connecting it to the SAIL platform means merchants now have even greater flexibility when determining the optimal payments setup for their business needs.

The VX 520 is ideal for merchants who need a physical receipt for their customers, or those looking for a more permanent credit card processing solution to display on their countertops. SAIL enables you to process a payment on your VX 520 device in one location while an employee or co-worker uses the SAIL mobile application in another, and transactions accepted from either device can be viewed and managed through the same SAIL dashboard.

You can rent a VeriFone VX 520 for only $15 per month with a $100 security deposit. The device rental includes 24/7 customer service, expedited repair and exchange support, and the same low transaction rate as your SAIL plan. Currently, Verifone VX 520?s are connected through a dial up or Ethernet connection, but they?ll soon also be able to connect through a GPRS (wireless) connection.

The introduction of the SAIL Android app, multi-user functionality, and integration with the VeriFone VX 520 are all exciting steps for us in the larger product roadmap, but we?ve got even more great features and functionality up our sleeve that are coming soon.

Do you have feedback on today?s announcement, or suggestions for how we can further improve the product in the future? Let us know in the comments ? and thanks for stopping by SAIL!

Source: Company press release.

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Source: http://www.greensheet.com/newswire.php?newswire_id=27466

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Urban planning ? SamSung Cell Phone Accessories ? Mobile Cases

HistoryAs an organized profession, urban planning has only existed for the last 60 years[citation needed]. However, most settlements and cities show forethought and conscious design in their layout and functioning.Agriculture and other techniques facilitated larger populations than the very small communities of the Paleolithic. It may have caused stronger, more coercive governments at the same time. The pre-Classical and Classical ages saw a number of cities laid out according to fixed plans, though many tended to develop organically.Designed cities were characteristic of the totalitarian Mesopotamian, Harrapan, and Egyptian civilizations of the third millennium BCE.Distinct characteristics of urban planning from remains of the cities of Harappa, Lothal and Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley Civilization (in modern-day northwestern India and Pakistan) lead archeologists to conclude that they are the earliest examples of deliberately planned and managed cities. The streets of these early cities were often paved and laid out at right angles in a grid pattern, with a hierarchy of streets from major boulevards to residential alleys. Archaeological evidence suggests that many Harrapan houses were laid out to protect from noise and enhance residential privacy; also, they often had their own water wells for probably both sanitary and ritual purposes. These ancient cities were unique in that they often had drainage systems, seemingly tied to a well-developed ideal of urban sanitation.Ur, located near the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in modern day Iraq also had urban planning in later periods. The Greek Hippodamus (c. 407 BC) is widely considered the father of city planning in the West, for his design of Miletus; Alexander commissioned him to lay out his new city of Alexandria, the grandest example of idealized urban planning of the Mediterranean world, where regularity was aided in large part by its level site near a mouth of the Nile.The ancient Romans used a consolidated scheme for city planning, developed for military defense and civil convenience. The basic plan is a central forum with city services, surrounded by a compact rectilinear grid of streets and wrapped in a wall for defense. To reduce travel times, two diagonal streets cross the square grid corner-to-corner, passing through the central square. A river usually flowed through the city, to provide water, transport, and sewage disposal. Many European towns, such as Turin, still preserve the remains of these schemes. The Romans had a very logical way of designing their cities. They laid out the streets at right angles, in the form of a square grid. All the roads were equal in width and length, except for two. These two roads formed the center of the grid and intersected in the middle. One went East/West, the other North/South. They were slightly wider than the others. All roads were made of carefully fitted stones and smaller hard packed stones. Bridges were also constructed where needed. Each square marked by four roads was called an insula, the Roman equivalent of modern city blocks.Each insula was 80?yards (73?m) square, with the land within each insula divided. As the city developed, each insula would eventually be filled with buildings of various shapes and sizes and would be crisscrossed with back roads and alleys. Most insulae were given to the first settlers of a budding new Roman city, but each person had to pay to construct their own house.The city was surrounded by a wall to protect the city from invaders and other enemies, and to mark the city limits. Areas outside of the city limits were left open as farmland. At the end of each main road, there would be a large gateway with watchtowers. A portcullis covered the opening when the city was under siege, and additional watchtowers were constructed around the rest of the city wall. A water aqueduct was built outside of the city?s walls.The collapse of Roman civilization saw the end of their urban planning, among many other arts. Urban development in the Middle Ages, characteristically focused on a fortress, a fortified abbey, or a (sometimes abandoned) Roman nucleus, occurred ?like the annular rings of a tree? whether in an extended village or the center of a larger city. Since the new center was often on high, defensible ground, the city plan took on an organic character, following the irregularities of elevation contours like the shapes that result from agricultural terracing.The ideal centrally-planned urban space: Sposalizio by Raphael Sanzio, 1504The ideal of wide streets and orderly cities was not lost, however. A few medieval cities were admired for their wide thoroughfares and other orderly arrangements, but the juridical chaos of medieval cities (where the administration of streets was sometimes hereditary with various noble families), and the characteristic tenacity of medieval Europeans in legal matters, prevented frequent or large-scale urban planning until the Renaissance and the enormous strengthening of all central governments, from city-states to the kings of France, characteristic of that epoch.Florence was an early model of the new urban planning, which rearranged itself into a star-shaped layout adapted from the new star fort, designed to resist cannon fire. This model was widely imitated, reflecting the enormous cultural power of Florence in this age; ?[t]he Renaissance was hypnotized by one city type which for a century and a half from Filarete to Scamozzi was impressed upon utopian schemes: this is the star-shaped city?. Radial streets extend outward from a defined center of military, communal or spiritual power.Only in ideal cities did a centrally-planned structure stand at the heart, as in Raphael?s Sposalizio of 1504 (illustration); as built, the unique example of a rationally-planned quattrocento new city center, that of Vigevano, 1493-95, resembles a closed space instead, surrounded by arcading.Filarete?s ideal city, building on hints in Leone Battista Alberti?s De re aedificatoria, was named ?Sforzinda? in compliment to his patron; its twelve-pointed shape, circumscribable by a ?perfect? Pythagorean figure, the circle, takes no heed of its undulating terrain in Filarete?s manuscript. And, all this occurred in the cities, but ordinarily not in the industrial suburbs characteristic of this era (see Braudel, The Structures of Everyday Life), which remained disorderly and characterized by crowded conditions and organic growth.Following the 1695 bombardment of Brussels by French troops of King Louis XIV, in which a large part of the city center was destroyed, Governor Max Emanuel proposed using the reconstruction to completely change the layout and architectural style of the city. His plan was to transform the medieval city into a city of the new baroque style, especially modeled on Turin, with a logical street layout, with straight avenues offering long, uninterrupted views flanked by buildings of a uniform size. This plan was opposed by the residents and municipal authorities, who wanted a rapid reconstruction, had no resources for grandiose proposals, and resented what they considered the imposition of a new, foreign, architectural style. In the actual reconstruction, the general layout of the city was conserved, but it was not completely identical to that before the cataclysm. Despite the necessity of rapid reconstruction and the lack of financial means, authorities did take several measures to improve traffic flow, sanitation and the general aesthetics of the city. Many streets were made as wide as possible to improve traffic flow.In the 1990s, the University of Kentucky voted the Italian town of Todi as ideal city and ?most livable town in the world?, the place where man and nature, history and tradition come together to create a site of excellence. In Italy, other examples of ideal cities planned according to scientific methods, are: Urbino, Pienza, Ferrara, San Giovanni Valdarno, San Lorenzo Nuovo.Many cities in Central American civilizations also planned their cities, including sewage systems and running water. In Mexico, Tenochtitlan, was the capital of the Aztec empire, built on an island in Lake Texcoco in what is now the Federal District in central Mexico. At its height, Tenochtitlan was one of the largest cities in the world, with close to 250,000 inhabitants.[citation needed]Shibam in Yemen features over 500 tower houses, each one rising 5 to 11 storeys high, with each floor being an apartment occupied by a single family. The city has some of the tallest mudbrick houses in the world, with some of them being over 100 feet high (over 30 meters).In developed countries (Western Europe, North America, Japan and Australasia), planning and architecture can be said to have gone through various stages of general consensus in the last 200 years. Firstly, there was the industrialised city of the 19th century, where control of building was largely held by businesses and the wealthy elite. Around 1900, there began to be a movement for providing citizens, especially factory workers, with healthier environments. The concept of garden cities arose and several model towns were built, such as Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City, the world?s first garden cities, in Hertfordshire, UK. However, these were principally small scale in size, typically dealing with only a few thousand residents.It wasn?t until the 1920s that modernism began to surface. Based on the ideas of Le Corbusier and utilising new skyscraper building techniques, the modernist city stood for the elimination of disorder, congestion and the small scale, replacing them instead with preplanned and widely spaced freeways and tower blocks set within gardens. There were plans for large scale rebuilding of cities, such as the Plan Voisin (based on Le Corbusier?s Ville Contemporaine), which proposed clearing and rebuilding most of central Paris. No large-scale plans were implemented until after World War II however. Throughout the late 1940s and 1950s, housing shortages caused by wartime destruction led many cities to subsidize housing blocks. Planners used the opportunity to implement the modernist ideal of towers surrounded by gardens. The most prominent example of an entire modernist city is Brasilia, constructed between 1956 and 1960 in Brazil. ReactionBy the late 1960s and early 1970s, many planners realized that modernism?s clean lines and lack of human scale also sapped vitality from the community. The symptoms were high crime rates and social problems.Modernism ended in the 1970s when the construction of the cheap, uniform tower blocks ended in most countries, such as Britain and France. Since then many have been demolished and replaced by more conventional housing. Rather than attempting to eliminate all disorder, planning now concentrates on individualism and diversity in society and the economy. This is the post-modernist era.Minimally-planned cities still exist. Houston is a large city (with a metropolitan population of 5.5 million) in a developed country, without a comprehensive zoning ordinance. Houston does, however, restrict development densities and mandate parking, even though specific land uses are not regulated. Also, private-sector developers in Houston use subdivision covenants and deed restrictions to effect land use restrictions resembling zoning laws. Houston voters have rejected comprehensive zoning ordinances three times since 1948. Even without traditional zoning, metropolitan Houston displays large-scale land use patterns resembling zoned regions comparable in age and fpopulation, such as Dallas. This suggests that nonregulatory factors such as urban infrastructure and financing, may be at least as important as zoning laws. Sustainable development and sustainabilitySustainable development and sustainability influence today?s urban planners. Some planners say that modern lifestyles use too many natural resources, polluting or destroying ecosystems, increasing social inequality overheating urban heat islands, and causing climate changes. Many urban planners therefore advocate sustainable cities.However, sustainable development is a recent, controversial concept. Wheeler, in his 1998 article, defines sustainable urban development to be ?development that improves the long-term social and ecological health of cities and towns.? He then sketches a ?sustainable? city?s features. These include compact, efficient land use, less automobile use yet with better access, efficient resource use, less pollution and waste, the restoration of natural systems, good housing and living environments, a healthy social ecology, a sustainable economy, community participation and involvement and preservation of local culture and wisdom.As they always have, urban planners try to implement widely accepted social policies and programs. Sustainability must be widely supported by society before planning can realistically modify actual institutions and regions. Real implementations are often complex compromises.Collaborative Strategic Goal Oriented Programming (CoSGOP) is a collaborative and communicative way of strategic programming, decision ? making implementation and monitoring oriented towards defined and specific goals. Furthermore it is to be based on sound analysis of available information, shall put emphasis on stake-holder participation, is expected to create awareness among actors, and shall be oriented towards the management of development processes. It was adopted like a theoretical model as a starting point for an analysis of redevelopment processes in large urban distressed areas in European Cities. ( see UDA?: Improving quality of life in Large Urban Distressed Areas project Research funded by the European Commission, EVK4-CT2002-00081).Background of CoSGOP?CoSGOP has been derived from goal oriented planning (Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit ? GTZ 1988). Goal oriented planning was originally oriented towards the elaboration and implementation of projects based on a logical framework approach which was useful for embedding specific project in a wider development frame and defining its major elements. This approach showed its weakness because its logical rules were strictly applied and the defined expert language did not encourage the actor participation. Considering this background, CoSGOP introduced a new approach characterised by:communication with the active involvement of the stakeholders and those who are to be affected by the programm;strategic planning based on the identification of strengths and weakness, opportunities and threats, as well as on scenario building and visioning; the definition of goals as the basis for action regarding the improvement process; long-term flexible programming of interventions by the different stakeholders.Element of CoSGOPCoSGOP is not a planning method but a process model. It provides a framework for communication and joint decision-making in a structured process characterised by feed-back loops and it facilitates a learning process of all the stakeholders involved. The essential elements of CoSGOP are:Analysis of stakeholders (This is oriented towards identifying stakeholders perception of problems and their interest and expectations);Analysis of problems and potentials (This analysis does not only include an overview over objective problems but also of problems and potentials as perceived by stakeholders);Development of goals, improvement priorities and alternatives (The definition of goals, objectives for development requires intensive communication and an active participation of the concerned stakeholders);Specification of an improvement programme and main activities (This programme is based on clear priorities defined with the stakeholders);Assessment of possible impacts of the improvement programme;Definition and detailed specification of key project and their implementation;Continuous monitoring of improvement activities, feed-back and adjustment of the programme (Monitoring and feed-back are key elements of learning process and for monitoring success and failure is relevant not only the technical and economic information but also the perception of the stakeholders).ApplicationCoSGOP has been applied in European cross-border policy programming, as well in local and regional development programming. Recently (2004), CoSGOP model has been applied in the LUDA Project and it was improved starting from analysis of European experience about urban regeneration projects.References Collaborative Planning in the United StatesCollaborative Planning in the US arose in response to the inadequacy of traditional public participation techniques to provide real opportunity for the public to make the decisions affecting their communities. Collaborative planning is a method designed to empower stakeholders by elevating them to the level of decision-makers through a process of direct engagement and dialogue between stakeholders and public agencies designed to solicit ideas, active involvement and participation in the community planning process. Active public involvement helps Planners create better outcomes by informing them of the public needs and preferences and by using the public local knowledge to inform projects. When properly administered collaboration can result in more meaningful participation and better, more creative outcomes to persistent problems than traditional participation methods can achieve. It enables planners to make decisions that reflect community needs and values; it fosters faith in the wisdom and utility of the resulting project, and the community is given a personal stake in its success.Experiences in Portland and Seattle have demonstrated that successful collaborative planning is dependent upon a number of interrelated factors: the process must be truly inclusive with all stakeholders and affected groups invited to the table; the community must have final decision-making authority; full government commitment ? of both financial and intellectual resources ? must be manifest; participants should be given clear objectives by the Planning staff who facilitate the process by providing guidance, consultancy, expert opinions and research; and facilitators should be trained in conflict resolution and community organization. Aspects of planning Urban aestheticsTowns and cities have been planned with aesthetics in mind. Here in Bath, England, 18th-century private sector development was designed to appear attractive.In developed countries, there has been a backlash against excessive human-made clutter in the visual environment, such as signposts, signs, and hoardings. Other issues that generate strong debate among urban designers are tensions between peripheral growth, housing density and new settlements. There are also debates about the mixing tenures and land uses, versus distinguishing geographic zones where different uses dominate. Regardless, all successful urban planning considers urban character, local identity, respects heritage, pedestrians, traffic, utilities and natural hazards.Planners can help manage the growth of cities, applying tools like zoning and growth management to manage the uses of land. Historically, many of the cities now thought the most beautiful are the result of dense, long lasting systems of prohibitions and guidance about building sizes, uses and features. These allowed substantial freedoms, yet enforce styles, safety, and often materials in practical ways. Many conventional planning techniques are being repackaged using the contemporary term smart growth.There are some cities that have been planned from conception, and while the results often don?t turn out quite as planned, evidence of the initial plan often remains. (See List of planned cities) SafetyThe medieval walled city of Carcassonne in France is built upon high ground to provide maximum protection from attackers.Historically within the Middle East, Europe and the rest of the Old World, settlements were located on higher ground (for defense) and close to fresh water sources[citation needed]. Cities have often grown onto coastal and flood plains at risk of floods and storm surges. Urban planners must consider these threats. If the dangers can be localised then the affected regions can be made into parkland or green belt, often with the added benefit of open space provision.Extreme weather, flood, or other emergencies can often be greatly mitigated with secure emergency evacuation routes and emergency operations centres. These are relatively inexpensive and unintrusive, and many consider them a reasonable precaution for any urban space. Many cities will also have planned, built safety features, such as levees, retaining walls, and shelters.In recent years, practitioners have also been expected to maximize the accessibility of an area to people with different abilities, practicing the notion of ?inclusive design,? to anticipate criminal behaviour and consequently to ?design-out crime? and to consider ?traffic calming? or ?pedestrianisation? as ways of making urban life more pleasant.Some city planners try to control criminality with structures designed from theories such as socio-architecture or environmental determinism. Refer to Foucault and the Encyclopedia of the Prison System for more details. These theories say that an urban environment can influence individuals? obedience to social rules and level of power. The theories often say that psychological pressure develops in more densely developed, unadorned areas. This stress causes some crimes and some use of illegal drugs. The antidote is usually more individual space and better, more beautiful design in place of functionalism.Oscar Newman defensible space theory cites the modernist housing projects of the 1960s as an example of environmental determinism, where large blocks of flats are surrounded by shared and disassociated public areas, which are hard for residents to identify with. As those on lower incomes cannot hire others to maintain public space such as security guards or grounds keepers, and because no individual feels personally responsible, there was a general deterioration of public space leading to a sense of alienation and social disorder.Jane Jacobs is another notable environmental determinist and is associated with the ?eyes on the street? concept. By improving atural surveillance of shared land and facilities of nearby residents by literally increasing the number of people who can see it, and increasing the familiarity of residents, as a collective, residents can more easily detect undesirable or criminal behaviour. However, this is not a new concept. This was prevalent throughout the middle eastern world during the time of Mohamad. It was not only reflected in the general structure of the outside of the home but also the inside. (refer to various religious texts and archaeological sites)The ?broken-windows? theory argues that small indicators of neglect, such as broken windows and unkempt lawns, promote a feeling that an area is in a state of decay. Anticipating decay, people likewise fail to maintain their own properties. The theory suggests that abandonment causes crime, rather than crime causing abandonment.Some planning methods might help an elite group to control ordinary citizens. Haussmann?s renovation of Paris created a system of wide boulevards which prevented the construction of barricades in the streets and eased the movement of military troops. In Rome, the Fascists in the 1930s created ex novo many new suburbs in order to concentrate criminals and poorer classes away from the elegant town.Other social theories point out that in Britain and most countries since the 18th century, the transformation of societies from rural agriculture to industry caused a difficult adaptation to urban living. These theories emphasize that many planning policies ignore personal tensions, forcing individuals to live in a condition of perpetual extraneity to their cities. Many people therefore lack the comfort of feeling ?at home? when at home. Often these theorists seek a reconsideration of commonly used ?standards? that rationalize the outcomes of a free (relatively unregulated) market. SlumsMain article: SlumsThe rapid urbanization of the last century caused more slums in the major cities of the world, particularly in developing countries. Planning resources and strategies are needed to address the problems of slum development. Many planners are calling for slum improvement, particularly the Commonwealth Association of Planners. When urban planners work on slums, they must cope with racial and cultural differences to ensure that racial steering does not occur.Slum were often ?fixed? by clearance. However, more creative solutions are beginning to emerge such as Nairobi?s ?Camp of Fire? program, where established slum-dwellers promise to build proper houses, schools, and community centers without government money, in return for land on which they have been illegally squatting on for 30 years. The ?Camp of Fire? program is one of many similar projects initiated by Slum Dwellers International, which has programs in Africa, Asia, and South America. Urban decayMain article: Urban decayUrban decay is a process by which a city, or a part of a city, falls into a state of disrepair and neglect. It is characterized by depopulation, economic restructuring, property abandonment, high unemployment, fragmented families, political disenfranchisement, crime, and desolate urban landscapes.During the 1970s and 1980s, urban decay was often associated with central areas of cities in North America and Europe. During this time, changes in global economies, demographics, transportation, and policies fostered urban decay. Many planners spoke of ?white flight? during this time. This pattern was different than the pattern of ?outlying slums? and ?suburban ghettos? found in many cities outside of North America and Western Europe, where central urban areas actually had higher real estate values.Starting in the 1990s, many of the central urban areas in North America have been experiencing a reversal of the urban decay, with rising real estate values, smarter development, demolition of obsolete social housing and a wider variety of housing choices. Reconstruction and renewalMain article: Urban RenewalThe overall area plan for the reconstruction of Kabul?s Old City area, the proposed Kabul ? City of Light Development.Areas devastated by war or invasion challenge urban planners. Resources are scarce. The existing population has needs. Buildings, roads, services and basic infrastructure like power, water and sewerage are often damaged, but with salvageable parts. Historic, religious or social centers also need to be preserved and re-integrated into the new city plan. A prime example of this is the capital city of Kabul, Afghanistan, which, after decades of civil war and occupation, has regions of rubble and desolation. Despite this, the indigenous population continues to live in the area, constructing makeshift homes and shops out of salvaged materials. Any reconstruction plan, such as Hisham Ashkouri?s City of Light Development, needs to be sensitive to the needs of this community and its existing culture and businesses.Urban Reconstruction Development plans must also work with government agencies as well as private interests to develop workable designs. TransportMain article: Transportation planningVery densely built-up areas require high capacity urban transit, and urban planners must consider these factors in long term plans(Canary Wharf tube station).Although an important factor, there is a complex relationship between urban densities and car use.Transport within urbanized areas presents unique problems. The density of an urban environment increases traffic, which can harm businesses and increase pollution unless properly managed. Parking space for private vehicles requires the construction of large parking garages in high density areas. This space could often be more valuable for other development.Good planning uses transit oriented development, which attempts to place higher densities of jobs or residents near high-volume transportation. For example, some cities permit commerce and multi-story apartment buildings only within one block of train stations and multilane boulevards, and accept single-family dwellings and parks farther away.Floor area ratio is often used to measure density. This is the floor area of buildings divided by the land area. Ratios below 1.5 are low density. Ratios above five very high density. Most exurbs are below two, while most city centres are well above five. Walk-up apartments with basement garages can easily achieve a density of three. Skyscrapers easily achieve densities of thirty or more.City authorities may try to encourage higher densities to reduce per-capita infrastructure costs. In the UK, recent years have seen a concerted effort to increase the density of residential development in order to better achieve sustainable development. Increasing development density has the advantage of making mass transport systems, district heating and other community facilities (schools, health centres, etc) more viable. However critics of this approach dub the densification of development as ?town cramming? and claim that it lowers quality of life and restricts market-led choice.[citation needed]Problems can often occur at residential densities between about two and five. These densities can cause traffic jams for automobiles, yet are too low to be commercially served by trains or light rail systems. The conventional solution is to use buses, but these and light rail systems may fail where automobiles and excess road network capacity are both available, achieving less than 2% ridership.The Lewis-Mogridge Position claims that increasing road space is not an effective way of relieving traffic jams as latent or induced demand invariably emerges to restore a socially-tolerable level of congestion. SuburbanizationMain article: SuburbanizationLow (auto-oriented) density suburban development near Colorado Springs, Colorado, United StatesIn some countries, declining satisfaction with the urban environment is held to blame for continuing migration to smaller towns and rural areas (so-called urban exodus). Successful urban planning supported Regional planning can bring benefits to a much larger hinterland or city region and help to reduce both congestion along transport routes and the wastage of energy implied by excessive commuting. Environmental factorsMain article: Environmental planningEnvironmental protection and conservation are of utmost importance to many planning systems across the world. Not only are the specific effects of development to be mitigated, but attempts are made to minimize the overall effect of development on the local and global environment. This is commonly done through the assessment of Sustainable urban infrastructure. In Europe this process is known as a Sustainability Appraisal.In most advanced urban or village planning models, local context is critical. In many, gardening and other outdoor activities assumes a central role in the daily life of citizens. Environmental planners focus now on smaller and larger systems of resource extraction and consumption, energy production, and waste disposal. A practice known as Arcology seeks to unify the fields of ecology and architecture, using principles of landscape architecture to achieve a harmonious environment for all living things. On a small scale, the eco-village theory has become popular, as it emphasizes a traditional 100-140 person scale for communities[citation needed].An urban planner can use a number of quantitative tools to forecast impacts of development on the environmental, including roadway air dispersion models to predict air quality impacts of urban highways and roadway noise models to predict noise pollution effects of urban highways. As early as the 1960s, noise pollution was addressed in the design of urban highways as well as noise barriers. The Phase I Environmental Site Assessment can be an important tool to the urban planner by identifying early in the planning process any geographic areas or parcels which have toxic constraints. Light and soundThe urban canyon effect is a colloquial, non-scientific term referring to street space bordered by very high buildings. This type of environment may shade the sidewalk level from direct sunlight during most daylight hours. While an oft-decried phenomenon, it is rare except in very dense, hyper-tall urban environments, such as those found in Lower and Midtown Manhattan, Chicago?s Loop and Kowloon in Hong Kong.In urban planning, sound is usually measured as a source of pollution. Another perspective on urban sounds is developed in Soundscape studies emphasising that sound aesthetics involves more than noise abatement and decibel measurements. Hedfors coined ?Sonotope? as a useful concept in urban planning to relate typical sounds to a specific place.Light pollution has become a problem in urban residential areas, not only as it relates to its effects on the night sky, but as some lighting is so intrusive as to cause conflict in the residential areas and paradoxically intense improperly installed security lighting may pose a danger to the public, producing excessive glare. The development of the full cutoff fixture, properly installed, has reduced this problem considerably. ProcessBlight may sometimes cause communities to consider redeveloping and urban planning.Before the 1950s the profession of urban planning did not exist. Planning focused on top-down processes by which the urban planner created the plans. The planner would know architecture, surveying, or engineering, bringing to the town planning process ideals based around these disciplines. They typically worked for national or local governments.Changes to the planning process Strategic Urban Planning over past decades have witnessed the metamorphosis of the role of the urban planner in the planning process. More citizens calling for democratic planning & development processes have played a huge role in allowing the public to make important decisions as part of the planning process. Community organizers and social workers are now very involved in planning from the grassroots level. The term advocacy planning was coined by Paul Davidoff in his influential 1965 paper, ?Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning? which acknowledged the political nature of planning and urged planners to acknowledge that their actions are not value-neutral and encouraged minority and under represented voices to be part of planning decisions.Ozawa and Seltzer (1999)advocate a communicative planning model in education to teach planners to work within the social and political context of the planning process. In their paper ?Taking Our Bearings: Mapping a Relationship among Planning Practice, Theory, and Education,? the authors demonstrate the importance of educating planners beyond the rational planning model in which planners make supposedly value-neutral recommendations based on science and reason . Through a survey of employers, it was found that the most highly rated skills in entry-level professional hiring are communication-based. The results suggest this view of planning as a communicative discourse as a possible bridge between theory and practice, and indicate that the education of planners needs to incorporate synthesis and communication across the curriculum.Developers have also played huge roles in development, particularly by planning projects. Many recent developments were results of large and small-scale developers who purchased land, designed the district and constructed the development from scratch. The Melbourne Docklands, for example, was largely an initiative pushed by private developers to redevelop the waterfront into a high-end residential and commercial district.Recent theories of urban planning, espoused, for example by Salingaros see the city as a adaptive system that grows according to process similar to those of plants. They say that urban planning should thus take its cues from such natural processes. See alsoIndex of urban planning articlesIndex of urban studies articlesList of planned citiesList of urban plannersList of urban theorists Notes^ Grogan, Paul, Proscio, Tony, Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival, 2000. ISBN 0-8133-3952-9^ a b Davreu, Robert (1978). ?Cities of Mystery: The Lost Empire of the Indus Valley?. The World Last Mysteries. (second edition). Sydney: Readers Digest. pp. 121-129. ISBN 0-909486-61-1.^ Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. (Illustrated edition). New York: Springer. p. 229. ISBN 306461587.^ Jacob Eapen (1997), Indus River Valley Civilization^ Vitrivius (1914). The Ten Books on Architecture, Bk I. Harvard University Press.?^ Siegfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture (1941) 1962, in reference to an air view (fig.8) of the medieval Italian town of Bagnocavallo. Giedion?s source was Luigi Piccinati, ?Urbanistica Medioevale? in Urbanistica deal Antichit ad Oggi (Florence 1943).^ Siegfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture (1941) 1962 p 43.^ The undulating terrace of housing makes its appearance surprisingly late: Giedion?s example is Lansdown Crescent, Bath, 1794; Giedion 1962, fig. 83^ a b Old Walled City of Shibam, UNESCO^ Helfritz, Hans (April 1937), ?Land without shade?, Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 24 (2): 20116?^ Shipman, J. G. T. (June 1984), ?The Hadhramaut?, Asian Affairs 15 (2): 15462?^ Hall, Peter et al. Sociable Cities; the legacy of Ebeneezer Howard, 1998, ISBN 0-471-98504-X, John Wiley & Sons, New York.^ a b Smith Morris et al. British Town Planning and Urban Design, 1997, ISBN 0-582-23496-4, Longman, Singapore.^ a b c Wheeler Stephen. ?Planning Sustainable and Livable Cities?, 1998, ISBN 0-415-27173-8, Routledge, New York.^ Oregon Ballot Measures 37 (2004) and 49 (2007)^ [Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)Zopp An introduction to the Method. Eschborn. Germany (1988)]^ B.Muller, S.Curwell, J. Turner: Model for the improvement of LUDA development of collaborative strategic goal oriented programming in Urbanistica Dossier n.74 INU Edizioni Italia (2205)^ Luda Project^ Innes, Judith and Booher, David, ublic Participation in Planning: New Strategies for the 21st Century, Working Paper 2000-2007, University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3r34r38h. ,^ Shandas, Vivek and Messer, Barry, ostering Green Communities Through Civic Engagement, Community-Based Environmental Stewardship in the Portland Area, JAPA, Autumn 2008, Vol. 74, No 4, p. 408.^ Sirianni, Carmen, eighborhood Planning as Collaborative Democratic Design, The Case of Seattle, JAPA, Autumn 2007, Vol. 73, No 4, p. 373.^ New Zealand Herald: Tensions spill over in billboard row^ Christopher Alexander, A Pattern Language, Towns Buildings, Construction^ George L. Kelling, Catherine M. Coles, Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order And Reducing Crime In Our Communities^ Reinventing planning: A new governance paradigm for managing Human settlements, Commonwealth Association of Planners^ The Christian Science Monitor: Kenyans buy into slum plan, 26 May 2004^ Urban Sores: On the Interaction Between Segregation, Urban Decay, and Deprived Neighbourhoods By Hans Skifter Andersen. ISBN 0-7546-3305-5. 2003.^ Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States by Kenneth T Jackson (1987)^ Stewart Brand, How Buildings Learn^ Transportation Efficient Land Use- Municipal Services and Research Center of Washington, Accessed 09nov09, says that each 40% increase in density reduces trips by 20-30%.^ C. Michael Hogan, Analysis of highway noise, Journal of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Volume 2, Number 3, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science Issue, pages 387-392, September, 1973, Springer Verlag, Netherlands ISSN 0049-6979^ 2003 Site Soundscapes ? Landscape Architecture in the Light of Sound ? Per Hedfors (ISBN 91-576-6425-0) ? book & CD-Rom^ Forester John. ?Planning in the Face of Conflict?, 1987, ISBN 0-415-27173-8, Routledge, New York.^ http://www.plannersnetwork.org/publications/2007_spring/angotti.htm^ Ozawa, C.P., Seltzer, E.P.(1999). ?Taking our bearings: Mapping a relationship among planning practice, theory and education?. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 18: 257-266. ReferencesAtmospheric Environment Volume 35, Issue 10, April 2001, Pages 1717-1727. ?Traffic pollution in a downtown site of Buenos Aires City?Garvin, Alexander (2002). The American City: What Works and What Doesn?t. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-137367-5.? (A standard text for many college and graduate courses in city planning in America)Hoch, Charles, Linda C. Dalton and Frank S. So, editors (2000). The Practice of Local Government Planning, Intl City County Management Assn; 3rd edition. ISBN 0-87326-171-2 (The ?Green Book?)T. R. Oke (1982). ?The energetic basis of the urban heat island?. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 108: 124.Matheos Santamouris (2006). Environmental Design of Urban Buildings: An Integrated Approach.Tunnard, Christopher and Boris Pushkarev (1963). Man-Made America: Chaos or Control?: An Inquiry into Selected Problems of Design in the Urbanized Landscape, New Haven: Yale University Press. (This book won the National Book Award, strictly America; a time capsule of photography and design approach.)Wheeler, Stephen (1998). ?Planning Sustainable and Livable Cities?, Routledge; 3rd edition. Further readingUrban Planning, 1794-1918: An International Anthology of Articles, Conference Papers, and Reports, Selected, Edited, and Provided with Headnotes by John W. Reps, Professor Emeritus, Cornell University.City Planning According to Artistic Principles, Camillo Sitte, 1889Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, Ebenezer Howard, 1898The Improvement of Towns and Cities, Charles Mulford Robinson, 1901Town Planning in practice, Raymond Unwyn, 1909The Principles of Scientific Management, Frederick Winslow Taylor, 1911Cities in Evolution, Patrick Geddes, 1915The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch, 1960The Concise Townscape, Gordon Cullen, 1961The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs, 1961The City in History, Lewis Mumford, 1961The City is the Frontier, Charles Abrams, Harper & Row Publishing, New York, 1965.A Pattern Language, Christopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa and Murray Silverstein, 1977What Do Planners Do?: Power, Politics, and Persuasion, Charles Hoch, American Planning Association, 1994. ISBN 978-0-918286-91-8Planning the Twentieth-Century American City, Christopher Silver and Mary Corbin Sies (Eds.), Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996?The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History?, Spiro Kostof, 2nd Edition, Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1999 ISBN 978-0-500-28099-7The American City: A Social and Cultural History, Daniel J. Monti, Jr., Oxford, England and Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. 391 pp.?ISBN 978-1-55786-918-0.Urban Development: The Logic Of Making Plans, Lewis D. Hopkins, Island Press, 2001. ISBN 1-55963-853-2Readings in Planning Theory, Susan Fainstein and Scott Campbell, Oxford, England and Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 2003.Urban Planning Theory since 1945, Nigel Taylor, London, Sage, 2007 External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to: Urban planningUrban and Regional Planning at the Open Directory Projectv??d??eReal estate developmentsCommercialBusiness park? Office building? Shopping mall / center? Shopping district? Retail parkIndustrialIndustrial park? Industrial district? Business cluster? List of technology centersResidentialHousing development? Gated community? Multi-family residential? Private community? Housing estate? Tract housing? City blockEducation/ScienceScience park? List of research parks? Campus? Satellite campusMunicipalNew town? List of planned cities? Arcology? Model village? Garden city movementBuildingsHouse? Villa? Apartment? Tower block? High-rise? Apartment building? Skyscraper? List of house typesMiscellaneousCluster development? Urban planning? Brownfield land? Cemetery? Land use planning? Redevelopment? Urban design? Regional planning? Zoning? Context theory? Eminent domain? Construction? Park? Playground? Parking
Categories: Urban design Urban studies and planning

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SERVICE SALUTE: Parade To Honor Veterans

You can honor those who have served our country this weekend. The ?Salute to Our Veterans and Service Members Parade? takes off at 10 a.m. Saturday.

Veterans from across the state will gather at the Iowa State Capitol for the parade in their honor. The parade will start when four F-16 fighter jets from the 132nd Fighter Wing fly over the capitol. A riderless horse will lead the parade in memory of fallen soldiers.

The parade will head west on Grand Avenue, then north on 2nd Avenue. It will end at Veterans Auditorium. Organizer Col. Bob King says about 100 entries will take part, including veterans groups and businesses like the Budweiser Clydesdales and Wells Fargo stage coach.

Col. King says the Governor?s office worked with the Iowa National Guard and Office of Veterans Affairs to help honor service members with this event. He says, ?Celebrate and honor our veterans of all services, all branches, all conflicts, all periods of peace time, everybody that?s wearing a uniform, whether you?re an Iowan, or a citizen of this country. This is to honor them and to celebrate the service they gave to this country.?

Col. King says they?ll have plenty of water stops along the way to help people stay cool.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/48014206/ns/local_news-des_moines_ia/

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Who Needs to Enroll in NLP Training? | ExpertsArticles.com

That needs to attend Neuro linguistic programming training courses? To answer this you need to determine initial why people ought to attend this kind of instruction. People opt to decide on attending such coaching to help them achieve cause real progress and dreams. You to get, the people who need to enroll in NLP courses are people who find themselves aiming to reach for their own dreams.

Here are different kinds of people who should attend NLP programs to give you an in-depth view about them:
People who wish to improve themselves ? There are many people fantasizing to improve themselves. Self-improvement basically depends upon the person?s perspective or way of thinking. NLP training is designed to supply techniques that promise self-improvement to the people attending it. Regrettably, not all people want to improve the way they believe, behave and stay. NLP is not ideal for those kinds of individuals.
People who want to conquer fear ? Social phobia is one of the most popular types of fears that men and women have today. Cultural phobia involves nervous about social interactions and communication. Like for instance, achieving and dealing with fresh people or offering speech to a many audience. NLP TRAINING LONDON also provides techniques on what you can overcome your current fear of being culturally inclined through enhancing communication skills. Getting good communication talent will definitely help you conquer this kind of fear as you would learn how to produce and express on your own more clearly and confidently.
People who need to be more convincing ? Another great thing with regards to NLP courses is that you get to learn methods on how you can be a lot more convincing enabling you to persuade a person to agree with anyone. This will also assist greatly in businesses particularly on sales agents. Attending NLP programs will give you tips on tips on how to easily persuade visitors to buy your products bringing about higher profits with time.
People who want to affect others ? If you are a coach or a chief and you want to effect your team as well as members without forcing them to do something, enrolling in an NLP program is perfect for you. This course will help you influence individuals around you by first altering your way of life and enhancing your personality.

NLP classes are for those people who are offered to change and who are aiming for higher accomplishments in the future. Unfortunately, not every people are like this. Therefore, knowing what kind of men and women should attend Neuro-linguistic programming courses is essential because this will help you determine if you?re one of them.

For more information about NLP TRAINING COURSES visit our website.

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Thursday, June 28, 2012

Pedal In The Park - WordPress.com ? Get a Free Blog Here

Kerry Recreation & Sports Partnership have organised a 10km cycle family event in aid of Ring of Kerry cycle charities.

The event will take place in Killarney National Park at the Deenagh Lodge entrance on Friday 6th July. Registration begins at 6:30pm with the cycle starting at 7:15pm. Entry is ?2 per person. Helmets are essential and under-10s must be accompanied by an adult.

Cycling is one of the best ways of keeping fit so please take part if you can and help out a worthy cause! For more information contact the Kerry Recreation & Sports Partnership on 066 718 4776 or visit www.kerryrecreationandsports.ie

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This entry was posted in Event Notification, Health Issues, Local Traveller News and tagged fitness, health, keeping fit, kerry, project, ring of kerry, travellers.

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Globe-trotting Clinton reaches 100-country mark

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Wednesday, June 27, 2012

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Issa challenges Obama executive privilege claim

WASHINGTON (AP) ? With a vote looming to hold Attorney General Eric Holder in contempt of Congress, a House committee chairman is challenging President Barack Obama's claim of executive privilege, invoked to maintain secrecy for some documents related to a failed gun-tracking operation.

Obama's claim broadly covers administration documents about the program called Operation Fast and Furious, not just those prepared for the president. But Rep. Darrell Issa, R-Calif., chairman of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee that recommended the contempt charge, maintains the privilege is reserved for documents to and from the president and his most senior advisers.

Behind the legal argument is a political dispute. House Republican leaders are pressing for a contempt vote against Holder that is tentatively scheduled for Thursday, the same day the Supreme Court will rule on the legality of the nation's health care law.

Rep. Steny Hoyer of Maryland, the House Democrats' chief head counter, said he expected some Democrats to follow the National Rifle Association's call for a "yes" vote on contempt. The NRA has written to all members of Congress, saying the White House wanted to use the Operation Fast and Furious gun-tracking operation to advance a gun control agenda.

Hoyer would not give a number of potential defectors.

In a letter to the president dated Monday and made public Tuesday, Issa cited an appellate court decision to back his claim and questioned whether Obama was asserting a presidential power "solely for the purpose of further obstructing a congressional investigation."

White House Spokesman Eric Schultz said Tuesday that Issa's analysis "has as much merit as his absurd contention that Operation Fast and Furious was created in order to promote gun control. Our position is consistent with executive branch legal precedent for the past three decades spanning administrations of both parties."

Courts have routinely "affirmed the right of the executive branch to invoke the privilege even when White House documents are not involved," Schultz said.

Some experts agree with the president's view that all executive branch documents are protected from disclosure. Ohio State University law professor Peter Shane, a specialist in presidential power, says executive privilege historically covers documents generated anywhere in the executive branch.

Holder's offer last week to turn over some documents ? the Justice Department has provided 7,600 records so far ? was rejected by Issa because he contended the attorney general was demanding an end to the committee's investigation.

Ironically, the documents at the heart of the current argument are not directly related to the workings of Operation Fast and Furious, which allowed guns to "walk" from Arizona to Mexico in hopes they could be tracked.

Rather, Issa wants internal communications from February 2011, when the administration denied knowledge of gun-walking, to the end of the year, when officials acknowledged the denial was in error. Those documents covered a period after Fast and Furious was shut down.

In Fast and Furious, agents of the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives in Arizona abandoned the agency's usual practice of intercepting all weapons they believed to be illicitly purchased. Instead, the goal of gun-walking was to track such weapons to high-level arms traffickers who long had eluded prosecution and to dismantle their networks.

Gun-walking long has been barred by Justice Department policy, but federal agents in Arizona experimented with it in at least two investigations during the George W. Bush administration before Fast and Furious. These experiments came as the department was under widespread criticism that the old policy of arresting every suspected low-level "straw purchaser" was still allowing tens of thousands of guns to reach Mexico. A straw purchaser is an illicit buyer of guns for others.

The agents in Arizona lost track of several hundred weapons in Operation Fast and Furious. The low point of the operation came in Arizona in 2010, when Border Patrol Agent Brian Terry was killed in a firefight with a group of armed Mexican bandits and two guns traced to the operation were found at the scene.

Issa, in his letter to the president, wrote, "Courts have consistently held that the assertion of the constitutionally-based executive privilege ... is only applicable ... to documents and communications that implicate the confidentiality of the president's decision-making process."

The letter said that while the privilege covers only the president and his advisers, it is a qualified privilege that can be overcome by a showing of the committee's need for the documents.

Shane, the Ohio State professor, said: "Executive privilege is really an umbrella concept that encompasses a variety of privileges. History's most famous claim of executive privilege ? President Richard Nixon's unsuccessful attempt to withhold the Watergate tapes ? was an example of 'presidential privacy privilege.' That privilege covers executive communications when the president is involved."

He said the executive branch historically claims a much broader privilege, the so-called deliberative privilege. That claim tries to protect documents generated anywhere in the executive branch that embody only the executive's internal deliberations, not final policy decisions. The current dispute involves deliberative privilege, he said.

Issa quoted from a 1997 case in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in which the court said the privilege should not extend to staff outside the White House in executive branch agencies.

Rather, the court said, it should apply only to "communications authored or solicited and received by those members of an immediate White House adviser's staff" with responsibility for formulating advice for the president.

However, the case which Issa repeatedly cited in his letter distinguishes carefully between the "presidential communications privilege" and the "deliberative process privilege." In that case, the court dealt only with the presidential communication privilege but observed that both the communications privilege and the deliberative privilege are executive privileges designed to protect the confidentiality of executive branch decision-making. It's the deliberative process privilege that Obama invoked in the current dispute over Operation Fast and Furious.

President George W. Bush invoked executive privilege for the first time in his administration to block a congressional committee trying to review documents about a decades-long scandal involving FBI misuse of mob informants in Boston.

___

Associated Press writer Pete Yost contributed to this story.

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Israel settlers begin to quit unauthorized outpost

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